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Calculate an Option's Implied Volatility using GBS/Bjerksund-Stensland 2002
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For anyone who needs it, here is an indicator that calculates and charts implied volatility. I used GBS/Bjerksund-Stensland 2002 routines from the incredibly helpful Davis Edwards, author of the book "Risk Management in Trading."
It calculates implied volatility for American options only but could easily be adjusted to support European options. It is currently set to download the underlying price (data0) and the options data (data1) from IB.
In lieu of IB's IV data this allows you to adjust the underlying cost of carry/dividend rate/risk free rate using overnight index swaps or whatever you prefer. Risk free rate for American options should be taken from Overnight Indexed Swaps -- e.g. the Federal Funds rate which is published daily by the Federal Reserve in the US. Overnight rates include EONIA (EUR), SONIA (GBP), CHOIS (CHF), and TONAR (JPY). Recommended to not use LIBOR nor the T-Bill rate.
If it's not working for you, check that your option string uses the IB format: e.g. 'AAPL-20180119-SMART-USD-170-CALL' and that you are not trying to download a weekly that cannot be routed through SMART. Also check your expiry dates at the IB website, as they might be slightly off from what might be expected.
Here is the indicator:
''' Author: Davis Edwards ported to backtrader by Benjamin Bradford MIT License Copyright (c) 2017 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ''' import math import numpy as np from scipy.stats import norm from scipy.stats import mvn import datetime import backtrader as bt import backtrader.indicators as btind # This class contains the limits on inputs for GBS models # It is not intended to be part of this module's public interface class _GBS_Limits: # An GBS model will return an error if an out-of-bound input is input MAX32 = 2147483248.0 MIN_T = 1.0 / 1000.0 # requires some time left before expiration MIN_X = 0.01 MIN_FS = 0.01 # Volatility smaller than 0.5% causes American Options calculations # to fail (Number to large errors). # GBS() should be OK with any positive number. Since vols less # than 0.5% are expected to be extremely rare, and most likely bad inputs, # _gbs() is assigned this limit too MIN_V = 0.005 MAX_T = 100 MAX_X = MAX32 MAX_FS = MAX32 # Asian Option limits # maximum TA is time to expiration for the option MIN_TA = 0 # This model will work with higher values for b, r, and V. However, such values are extremely uncommon. # To catch some common errors, interest rates and volatility is capped to 100% # This reason for 1 (100%) is mostly to cause the library to throw an exceptions # if a value like 15% is entered as 15 rather than 0.15) MIN_b = -1 MIN_r = -1 MAX_b = 1 MAX_r = 1 MAX_V = 1 # The primary class for calculating Generalized Black Scholes option prices and deltas # It is not intended to be part of this module's public interface # Inputs: option_type = "p" or "c", fs = price of underlying, x = strike, t = time to expiration, r = risk free rate # b = cost of carry, v = implied volatility # Outputs: value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho def _gbs(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v): # _debug("Debugging Information: _gbs()") # ----------- # Test Inputs (throwing an exception on failure) _gbs_test_inputs(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v) # ----------- # Create preliminary calculations t__sqrt = math.sqrt(t) d1 = (math.log(fs / x) + (b + (v * v) / 2) * t) / (v * t__sqrt) d2 = d1 - v * t__sqrt if option_type == "c": # it's a call # _debug(" Call Option") value = fs * math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.cdf(d1) - x * math.exp(-r * t) * norm.cdf(d2) delta = math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.cdf(d1) gamma = math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.pdf(d1) / (fs * v * t__sqrt) theta = -(fs * v * math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.pdf(d1)) / (2 * t__sqrt) - (b - r) * fs * math.exp( (b - r) * t) * norm.cdf(d1) - r * x * math.exp(-r * t) * norm.cdf(d2) vega = math.exp((b - r) * t) * fs * t__sqrt * norm.pdf(d1) rho = x * t * math.exp(-r * t) * norm.cdf(d2) else: # it's a put # _debug(" Put Option") value = x * math.exp(-r * t) * norm.cdf(-d2) - (fs * math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.cdf(-d1)) delta = -math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.cdf(-d1) gamma = math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.pdf(d1) / (fs * v * t__sqrt) theta = -(fs * v * math.exp((b - r) * t) * norm.pdf(d1)) / (2 * t__sqrt) + (b - r) * fs * math.exp( (b - r) * t) * norm.cdf(-d1) + r * x * math.exp(-r * t) * norm.cdf(-d2) vega = math.exp((b - r) * t) * fs * t__sqrt * norm.pdf(d1) rho = -x * t * math.exp(-r * t) * norm.cdf(-d2) # _debug(" d1= {0}\n d2 = {1}".format(d1, d2)) # _debug(" delta = {0}\n gamma = {1}\n theta = {2}\n vega = {3}\n rho={4}".format(delta, gamma, # theta, vega, # rho)) return value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho # ------------------------------ # This function verifies that the Call/Put indicator is correctly entered def _test_option_type(option_type): if (option_type != "c") and (option_type != "p"): raise GBS_InputError("Invalid Input option_type ({0}). Acceptable value are: c, p".format(option_type)) # ------------------------------ # This function makes sure inputs are OK # It throws an exception if there is a failure def _gbs_test_inputs(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v): # ----------- # Test inputs are reasonable _test_option_type(option_type) if (x < _GBS_Limits.MIN_X) or (x > _GBS_Limits.MAX_X): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Strike Price (X). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(x, _GBS_Limits.MIN_X, _GBS_Limits.MAX_X)) if (fs < _GBS_Limits.MIN_FS) or (fs > _GBS_Limits.MAX_FS): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Forward/Spot Price (FS). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(fs, _GBS_Limits.MIN_FS, _GBS_Limits.MAX_FS)) if (t < _GBS_Limits.MIN_T) or (t > _GBS_Limits.MAX_T): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Time (T = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(t, _GBS_Limits.MIN_T, _GBS_Limits.MAX_T)) if (b < _GBS_Limits.MIN_b) or (b > _GBS_Limits.MAX_b): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Cost of Carry (b = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(b, _GBS_Limits.MIN_b, _GBS_Limits.MAX_b)) if (r < _GBS_Limits.MIN_r) or (r > _GBS_Limits.MAX_r): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Risk Free Rate (r = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(r, _GBS_Limits.MIN_r, _GBS_Limits.MAX_r)) if (v < _GBS_Limits.MIN_V) or (v > _GBS_Limits.MAX_V): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Implied Volatility (V = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(v, _GBS_Limits.MIN_V, _GBS_Limits.MAX_V)) # This class defines the Exception that gets thrown when invalid input is placed into the GBS function class GBS_InputError(Exception): def __init__(self, mismatch): Exception.__init__(self, mismatch) # This class defines the Exception that gets thrown when there is a calculation error class GBS_CalculationError(Exception): def __init__(self, mismatch): Exception.__init__(self, mismatch) class bbImpVol(bt.Indicator): lines = ('impvolplot', ) # Riskfreerate for American options should be taken from # Overnight Indexed Swaps -- e.g. the Federal Funds rate which # is published daily by the Federal Reserve in the US. Overnight # rates include EONIA (EUR), SONIA (GBP), CHOIS (CHF), and TONAR (JPY). # Do not use LIBOR nor the T-Bill rate. params = (('optstring', 'AAPL-20180119-SMART-USD-170-CALL'), ('riskfreerate', 0.0142), ('dividends', 0.0143)) # Dividend yield p.a. for AAPL # ---------- # Implied Volatility Calculations: # Inputs (not all functions use all inputs) # fs = forward/spot price # x = Strike # t = Time (in years) # r = risk free rate # b = cost of carry # cp = Call or Put price # precision = (optional) precision at stopping point # max_steps = (optional) maximum number of steps # ---------- # Approximate Implied Volatility # # This function is used to choose a starting point for the # search functions (Newton and bisection searches). # Brenner & Subrahmanyam (1988), Feinstein (1988) # ----------- # Generalized American Option Pricer # This is a wrapper to check inputs and route to the current "best" American option model def _american_option(self, option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v): # ----------- # Test Inputs (throwing an exception on failure) # _debug("Debugging Information: _american_option()") _gbs_test_inputs(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v) # ----------- if option_type == "c": # Call Option # _debug(" Call Option") return self._bjerksund_stensland_2002(fs, x, t, r, b, v) else: # Put Option # _debug(" Put Option") # Using the put-call transformation: P(X, FS, T, r, b, V) = C(FS, X, T, -b, r-b, V) # WARNING - When reconciling this code back to the B&S paper, the order of variables is different put__x = fs put_fs = x put_b = -b put_r = r - b # pass updated values into the Call Valuation formula return self._bjerksund_stensland_2002(put_fs, put__x, t, put_r, put_b, v) # ----------- # American Call Option (Bjerksund Stensland 2002 approximation) def _bjerksund_stensland_2002(self, fs, x, t, r, b, v): # ----------- # initialize output # using GBS greeks (TO DO: update greek calculations) my_output = _gbs("c", fs, x, t, r, b, v) e_value = my_output[0] delta = my_output[1] gamma = my_output[2] theta = my_output[3] vega = my_output[4] rho = my_output[5] # debugging for calculations # _debug("-----") # _debug("Debug Information: _Bjerksund_Stensland_2002())") # If b >= r, it is never optimal to exercise before maturity # so we can return the GBS value if b >= r: #print (" Returning GBS value") #print e_value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho return e_value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho # ----------- # Create preliminary calculations print ("Returning Bjerk/Sten value") v2 = v ** 2 t1 = 0.5 * (math.sqrt(5) - 1) * t t2 = t beta_inside = ((b / v2 - 0.5) ** 2) + 2 * r / v2 # forcing the inside of the sqrt to be a positive number beta_inside = abs(beta_inside) beta = (0.5 - b / v2) + math.sqrt(beta_inside) b_infinity = (beta / (beta - 1)) * x b_zero = max(x, (r / (r - b)) * x) h1 = -(b * t1 + 2 * v * math.sqrt(t1)) * ((x ** 2) / ((b_infinity - b_zero) * b_zero)) h2 = -(b * t2 + 2 * v * math.sqrt(t2)) * ((x ** 2) / ((b_infinity - b_zero) * b_zero)) i1 = b_zero + (b_infinity - b_zero) * (1 - math.exp(h1)) i2 = b_zero + (b_infinity - b_zero) * (1 - math.exp(h2)) alpha1 = (i1 - x) * (i1 ** (-beta)) alpha2 = (i2 - x) * (i2 ** (-beta)) # debugging for calculations # _debug(" t1 = {0}".format(t1)) # _debug(" beta = {0}".format(beta)) # _debug(" b_infinity = {0}".format(b_infinity)) # _debug(" b_zero = {0}".format(b_zero)) # _debug(" h1 = {0}".format(h1)) # _debug(" h2 = {0}".format(h2)) # _debug(" i1 = {0}".format(i1)) # _debug(" i2 = {0}".format(i2)) # _debug(" alpha1 = {0}".format(alpha1)) # _debug(" alpha2 = {0}".format(alpha2)) # check for immediate exercise if fs >= i2: value = fs - x else: # Perform the main calculation value = (alpha2 * (fs ** beta) - alpha2 * self._phi(fs, t1, beta, i2, i2, r, b, v) + self._phi(fs, t1, 1, i2, i2, r, b, v) - self._phi(fs, t1, 1, i1, i2, r, b, v) - x * self._phi(fs, t1, 0, i2, i2, r, b, v) + x * self._phi(fs, t1, 0, i1, i2, r, b, v) + alpha1 * self._phi(fs, t1, beta, i1, i2, r, b, v) - alpha1 * self._psi(fs, t2, beta, i1, i2, i1, t1, r, b, v) + self._psi(fs, t2, 1, i1, i2, i1, t1, r, b, v) - self._psi(fs, t2, 1, x, i2, i1, t1, r, b, v) - x * self._psi(fs, t2, 0, i1, i2, i1, t1, r, b, v) + x * self._psi(fs, t2, 0, x, i2, i1, t1, r, b, v)) # in boundary conditions, this approximation can break down # Make sure option value is greater than or equal to European value value = max(value, e_value) # ----------- # Return Data return value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho # --------------------------- # American Option Intermediate Calculations # ----------- # The Psi() function used by _Bjerksund_Stensland_2002 model def _psi(self, fs, t2, gamma, h, i2, i1, t1, r, b, v): vsqrt_t1 = v * math.sqrt(t1) vsqrt_t2 = v * math.sqrt(t2) bgamma_t1 = (b + (gamma - 0.5) * (v ** 2)) * t1 bgamma_t2 = (b + (gamma - 0.5) * (v ** 2)) * t2 d1 = (math.log(fs / i1) + bgamma_t1) / vsqrt_t1 d3 = (math.log(fs / i1) - bgamma_t1) / vsqrt_t1 d2 = (math.log((i2 ** 2) / (fs * i1)) + bgamma_t1) / vsqrt_t1 d4 = (math.log((i2 ** 2) / (fs * i1)) - bgamma_t1) / vsqrt_t1 e1 = (math.log(fs / h) + bgamma_t2) / vsqrt_t2 e2 = (math.log((i2 ** 2) / (fs * h)) + bgamma_t2) / vsqrt_t2 e3 = (math.log((i1 ** 2) / (fs * h)) + bgamma_t2) / vsqrt_t2 e4 = (math.log((fs * (i1 ** 2)) / (h * (i2 ** 2))) + bgamma_t2) / vsqrt_t2 tau = math.sqrt(t1 / t2) lambda1 = (-r + gamma * b + 0.5 * gamma * (gamma - 1) * (v ** 2)) kappa = (2 * b) / (v ** 2) + (2 * gamma - 1) psi = math.exp(lambda1 * t2) * (fs ** gamma) * (self._cbnd(-d1, -e1, tau) - ((i2 / fs) ** kappa) * self._cbnd(-d2, -e2, tau) - ((i1 / fs) ** kappa) * self._cbnd(-d3, -e3, -tau) + ((i1 / i2) ** kappa) * self._cbnd(-d4, -e4, -tau)) return psi # ----------- # The Phi() function used by _Bjerksund_Stensland_2002 model and the _Bjerksund_Stensland_1993 model def _phi(self, fs, t, gamma, h, i, r, b, v): d1 = -(math.log(fs / h) + (b + (gamma - 0.5) * (v ** 2)) * t) / (v * math.sqrt(t)) d2 = d1 - 2 * math.log(i / fs) / (v * math.sqrt(t)) lambda1 = (-r + gamma * b + 0.5 * gamma * (gamma - 1) * (v ** 2)) kappa = (2 * b) / (v ** 2) + (2 * gamma - 1) phi = math.exp(lambda1 * t) * (fs ** gamma) * (norm.cdf(d1) - ((i / fs) ** kappa) * norm.cdf(d2)) # _debug("-----") # _debug("Debug info for: _phi()") # _debug(" d1={0}".format(d1)) # _debug(" d2={0}".format(d2)) # _debug(" lambda={0}".format(lambda1)) # _debug(" kappa={0}".format(kappa)) # _debug(" phi={0}".format(phi)) return phi # ----------- # Cumulative Bivariate Normal Distribution # Primarily called by Psi() function, part of the _Bjerksund_Stensland_2002 model def _cbnd(self, a, b, rho): # This distribution uses the Genz multi-variate normal distribution # code found as part of the standard SciPy distribution lower = np.array([0, 0]) upper = np.array([a, b]) infin = np.array([0, 0]) correl = rho error, value, inform = mvn.mvndst(lower, upper, infin, correl) return value def _approx_implied_vol(self, option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp): self._test_option_type(option_type) ebrt = math.exp((b - r) * t) ert = math.exp(-r * t) a = math.sqrt(2 * math.pi) / (fs * ebrt + x * ert) if option_type == "c": payoff = fs * ebrt - x * ert else: payoff = x * ert - fs * ebrt b = cp - payoff / 2 c = (payoff ** 2) / math.pi v = (a * (b + math.sqrt(b ** 2 + c))) / math.sqrt(t) return v # ------------------------------ # This function verifies that the Call/Put indicator is correctly entered def _test_option_type(self, option_type): if (option_type != "c") and (option_type != "p"): raise GBS_InputError("Invalid Input option_type ({0}). Acceptable value are: c, p".format(option_type)) # ------------------------------ # This function makes sure inputs are OK # It throws an exception if there is a failure def _gbs_test_inputs(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v): # ----------- # Test inputs are reasonable _test_option_type(option_type) if (x < _GBS_Limits.MIN_X) or (x > _GBS_Limits.MAX_X): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Strike Price (X). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(x, _GBS_Limits.MIN_X, _GBS_Limits.MAX_X)) if (fs < _GBS_Limits.MIN_FS) or (fs > _GBS_Limits.MAX_FS): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Forward/Spot Price (FS). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(fs, _GBS_Limits.MIN_FS, _GBS_Limits.MAX_FS)) if (t < _GBS_Limits.MIN_T) or (t > _GBS_Limits.MAX_T): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Time (T = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(t, _GBS_Limits.MIN_T, _GBS_Limits.MAX_T)) if (b < _GBS_Limits.MIN_b) or (b > _GBS_Limits.MAX_b): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Cost of Carry (b = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(b, _GBS_Limits.MIN_b, _GBS_Limits.MAX_b)) if (r < _GBS_Limits.MIN_r) or (r > _GBS_Limits.MAX_r): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Risk Free Rate (r = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(r, _GBS_Limits.MIN_r, _GBS_Limits.MAX_r)) if (v < _GBS_Limits.MIN_V) or (v > _GBS_Limits.MAX_V): raise GBS_InputError( "Invalid Input Implied Volatility (V = {0}). Acceptable range for inputs is {1} to {2}".format(v, _GBS_Limits.MIN_V, _GBS_Limits.MAX_V)) # ---------- # Find the Implied Volatility of an European (GBS) Option given a price # using Newton-Raphson method for greater speed since Vega is available def _gbs_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp, precision=.00001, max_steps=100): return _newton_implied_vol(_gbs, option_type, x, fs, t, b, r, cp, precision, max_steps) # ---------- # Find the Implied Volatility of an American Option given a price # Using bisection method since Vega is difficult to estimate for Americans def _american_implied_vol(self, option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp, precision=.00001, max_steps=100): return self._bisection_implied_vol(self._american_option, option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp, precision, max_steps) # ---------- # Calculate Implied Volatility with a Newton Raphson search def _newton_implied_vol(val_fn, option_type, x, fs, t, b, r, cp, precision=.00001, max_steps=100): # make sure a valid option type was entered _test_option_type(option_type) # Estimate starting Vol, making sure it is allowable range v = _approx_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp) v = max(_GBS_Limits.MIN_V, v) v = min(_GBS_Limits.MAX_V, v) # Calculate the value at the estimated vol value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho = val_fn(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v) min_diff = abs(cp - value) # _debug("-----") # _debug("Debug info for: _Newton_ImpliedVol()") # _debug(" Vinitial={0}".format(v)) # Newton-Raphson Search countr = 0 while precision <= abs(cp - value) <= min_diff and countr < max_steps: v = v - (value - cp) / vega if (v > _GBS_Limits.MAX_V) or (v < _GBS_Limits.MIN_V): # _debug(" Volatility out of bounds") break value, delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho = val_fn(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v) min_diff = min(abs(cp - value), min_diff) # keep track of how many loops countr += 1 # _debug(" IVOL STEP {0}. v={1}".format(countr, v)) # check if function converged and return a value if abs(cp - value) < precision: # the search function converged return v else: # if the search function didn't converge, try a bisection search return _bisection_implied_vol(val_fn, option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp, precision, max_steps) # ---------- # Find the Implied Volatility using a Bisection search (American options) def _bisection_implied_vol(self, val_fn, option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp, precision=.00001, max_steps=100): # Estimate Upper and Lower bounds on volatility # Assume American Implied vol is within +/- 50% of the GBS Implied Vol v_mid = self._approx_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp) if (v_mid <= _GBS_Limits.MIN_V) or (v_mid >= _GBS_Limits.MAX_V): # if the volatility estimate is out of bounds, search entire allowed vol space v_low = _GBS_Limits.MIN_V v_high = _GBS_Limits.MAX_V v_mid = (v_low + v_high) / 2 else: # reduce the size of the vol space v_low = max(_GBS_Limits.MIN_V, v_mid * .5) v_high = min(_GBS_Limits.MAX_V, v_mid * 1.5) # Estimate the high/low bounds on price cp_mid = val_fn(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v_mid)[0] # initialize bisection loop current_step = 0 diff = abs(cp - cp_mid) # _debug(" American IVOL starting conditions: CP={0} cp_mid={1}".format(cp, cp_mid)) # _debug(" IVOL {0}. V[{1},{2},{3}]".format(current_step, v_low, v_mid, v_high)) # Keep bisection volatility until correct price is found while (diff > precision) and (current_step < max_steps): current_step += 1 # Cut the search area in half if cp_mid < cp: v_low = v_mid else: v_high = v_mid cp_low = val_fn(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v_low)[0] cp_high = val_fn(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v_high)[0] v_mid = v_low + (cp - cp_low) * (v_high - v_low) / (cp_high - cp_low) v_mid = max(_GBS_Limits.MIN_V, v_mid) # enforce high/low bounds v_mid = min(_GBS_Limits.MAX_V, v_mid) # enforce high/low bounds cp_mid = val_fn(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, v_mid)[0] diff = abs(cp - cp_mid) # _debug(" IVOL {0}. V[{1},{2},{3}]".format(current_step, v_low, v_mid, v_high)) # return output if abs(cp - cp_mid) < precision: return v_mid else: raise GBS_CalculationError( "Implied Vol did not converge. Best Guess={0}, Price diff={1}, Required Precision={2}".format(v_mid, diff, precision)) # Public Interface for implied Volatility Functions # Inputs: # option_type = "p" or "c" # fs = price of underlying # x = strike # t = time to expiration # v = implied volatility # r = risk free rate # q = dividend payment # b = cost of carry # Outputs: # value = price of the option # delta = first derivative of value with respect to price of underlying # gamma = second derivative of value w.r.t price of underlying # theta = first derivative of value w.r.t. time to expiration # vega = first derivative of value w.r.t. implied volatility # rho = first derivative of value w.r.t. risk free rates def euro_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, q, cp): b = r - q return _gbs_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp) def euro_implied_vol_76(option_type, fs, x, t, r, cp): # for European commodity options b = 0 return _gbs_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp) def amer_implied_vol(self, option_type, fs, x, t, r, q, cp): b = r - q return self._american_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp) def amer_implied_vol_76(option_type, fs, x, t, r, cp): # for American commodity options b = 0 return _american_implied_vol(option_type, fs, x, t, r, b, cp) def __init__(self): #Set the option information, strike, expiry, etc. cpinf = self.params.optstring.split('-') # print cpinf # print cpinf[1] self.expdate = datetime.datetime.strptime(cpinf[1], "%Y%m%d").date() # opt type, underlying price, strike, time to expiry, riskfreerate, cost of carry, call or put price: self.sopttype = cpinf[5][:1].lower() self.doptstrike = float(cpinf[4]) print self.expdate, self.sopttype, self.doptstrike def next(self): print (self.params.optstring) # print type(self.params.optiontype), type(self.params.underlyingprice), type(self.params.strike), type(self.params.timeexp), type(self.params.riskfreerate), type(self.params.costcarry), type(self.params.cpprice) self.lines.impvolplot.subplot=True print "--------" # time to expiration is in years, and must be a float: self.time_d = self.expdate - self.data.datetime.date(ago=0) print self.time_d, self.expdate, self.data.datetime.date(ago=0) timeexp = float(self.time_d.days) / 365 print timeexp # print "try except: ", self.datas[1].close[-1] # try: self.callputprice = float(self.datas[1].close[0]) # except: # self.callputprice = float(self.datas[1].close[-1]) self.underlyingprice = float(self.datas[0].close[0]) kwargs = dict( option_type=self.sopttype, fs=self.underlyingprice, x=self.doptstrike, t=timeexp, r=self.params.riskfreerate, q=self.params.dividends, cp=self.callputprice, ) print "imp vol is: ", bbImpVol().amer_implied_vol(**kwargs) self.lines.impvolplot[0] = bbImpVol().amer_implied_vol(**kwargs) print "self lines imp vol is: ", self.lines.impvolplot[0] print "End of bbImpliedVolatility" print "----------------"
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...and here's a strategy to test/chart:
''' Author: Benjamin Bradford MIT License Copyright (c) 2017 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ''' import backtrader as bt import datetime import backtrader.indicators as btind import backtrader.filters as btfilters from bbImpliedVolatility import bbImpVol class firstStrategy(bt.Strategy): def __init__(self): # self.rsi = bt.indicators.RSI_SMA(self.data.close, period=21) kwargs = dict( optstring=soptstring, riskfreerate=0.02375, dividends=0.0, ) print(len(data0.array)) print(len(data1.array)) print "data1 arry len: ", len(data1.array) bbImpVol(*self.datas, **kwargs) def next(self): pass # TICKER-YYYYMMDD-EXCHANGE-CURRENCY-STRIKE-RIGHT # OPT soptstring = 'AAPL-20180119-SMART-USD-170-CALL' # e.g. 'AAPL-20180119-SMART-USD-170-CALL' sunderlying = 'AAPL-STK-SMART-USD' # Variable for our starting cash startcash = 10000 # Create an instance of cerebro` cerebro = bt.Cerebro() # Add our strategy cerebro.addstrategy(firstStrategy) # Get underlying (e.g. AAPL) data from IB. stockkwargs = dict( dataname=sunderlying, historical=True, fromdate=datetime.date(2017,11,12), # get data from todate=datetime.date(2017,12,12), timeframe=bt.TimeFrame.Minutes, compression=1, sessionstart=datetime.time(8, 30, 0), sessionend=datetime.time(15, 15, 0), ) ibstore = bt.stores.IBStore(host='127.0.0.1', port=4001, clientId=33) data0 = ibstore.getdata(**stockkwargs) # Get Option data from IB. stockkwargs = dict( dataname=soptstring, historical=True, fromdate=datetime.date(2017,11,12), # get data from todate=datetime.date(2017, 12, 12), timeframe=bt.TimeFrame.Minutes, compression=1, sessionstart=datetime.time(8, 30, 0), sessionend=datetime.time(15, 15, 0), ) ibstore = bt.stores.IBStore(host='127.0.0.1', port=4001, clientId=32) data1 = ibstore.getdata(**stockkwargs) # Add the data to Cerebro data0.resample(timeframe=bt.TimeFrame.Minutes, compression=5) #data1.resample(timeframe=bt.TimeFrame.Minutes, compression=5) # Some issues with SessionFiller: # data_filled = data1.clone(filters=[btfilters.SessionFiller], timeframe=bt.TimeFrame.Minutes, compression=60) # print "data_filled: ", len(data_filled.array) cerebro.adddata(data0) cerebro.adddata(data1) # cerebro.adddata(data_filled) # Set our desired cash start cerebro.broker.setcash(startcash) # Run over everything cerebro.run() # preload=False) #runonce=False) # print "cerebro run completed" # print("data0 arry len: ",len(data0.array)) # print("data1 arry len: ", len(data1.array)) # print(len(data_filled.array)) # Get final portfolio Value portvalue = cerebro.broker.getvalue() pnl = portvalue - startcash # Print out the final result print('Final Portfolio Value: ${}'.format(portvalue)) print('P/L: ${}'.format(pnl)) # Finally plot the end results cerebro.plot(style='candlestick')
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...and a screenshot:
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Reposted code -- Fixed errors in the calculation for Puts.
Also found an issue in compatibility with Python 2.7 assigning alpha1 and alpha2. Suggest using numpy.power instead of ** to convert error to warning in line 259 and 260.